Understand Cancer and Nutritional needs

What is cancer?

Cancer is a disease where cells, the building blocks of all our organs and tissues, begin to behave abnormally, dividing uncontrollably to create more and more abnormal cells. These can form a lump called a tumour in a particular part of the body.

One of the first signs of cancer could be the patient feeling the lump – or tumour. Other cancer symptoms include feeling tired, unexpected pain, or unexplained weight loss (i.e., not due to a new diet or exercise regimen). A confirmed diagnosis can be life-changing event for both patients and the people around them. A patients likely to experience not only cancer signs as physical symptoms but also emotional stress and sometimes depression.

How is cancer treated?

Treatment for a cancer will depend on many factor, for example how big the tumour is, whether it has spread to other parts of the body and the general health of the patient. The field of oncology – the study of cancer – has three main cancer treatment options: surgery (to try and remove the tumour) and radiotherapy and chemotherapy (to try and shrink the tumour).

The oncologist is the doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer. Whichever treatment – or combination of treatments – a patient is advised to undergo, it is important that the body is as strong as it can be before, during and after, to tolerate and recover from what can be a difficult process. However, weight loss, a common side effect of cancer and its treatment, can leave the body weakened¹

What types of cancer cause the most weight loss?

Cancer can happen in almost all parts of the body and can take a significant physical toll on the patient. But some cancers are more likely to cause serious physical challenges such as extreme weight loss². These include gastrointestinal cancer (e..g., colon cancer, stomach cancer, bowel cancer and pancreatic cancer) as well as head and neck cancer (e.g., oral cancer, head cancer, neck cancer and lung cancer)². For different reasons these cancers affect the ability of the patient to consume and digest food effectively².

The impact of cancer on body strength.

Keeping the body strong can be difficult during cancer because of several factors. The cancer itself and the body’s natural defense mechanisms can cause a patient’s metabolic rate to rise, which can result in loss of body weight, particularly muscle (‘lean body mass’)^3,4. Weight loss can be worsened by low appetite, nausea and taste changes, including when normal foods take on a metallic flavor, all of which can reduce food intake⁵.

The impact of weight loss on treatment success.

Weight loss during cancer can have a negative impact on treatment because chemotherapy and radiotherapy doses are based on, amongst other factors, body mass index, or BMI. Cancer research show a significant changes to BMI from the point of diagnosis can result in a patient receiving a suboptimal dose, or it could delay treatment altogether⁶. Besides chemotherapy and radiotherapy, BMI can also impact outcomes of a patient undergoing surgery⁷. If a patient cannot get the nutrients they need to maintain or regain weight through a normal diet alone, a healthcare professional may recommend medical nutrition, also known as oral nutritional supplements.

The role of medical nutrition in cancer

Medical nutrition are foods for special medical purposes and must be used under medical supervision. They are available in a range of flavours and formats, and include high protein, high energy, nutritionally complete drinks, desserts, and powders. Medical nutrition can be taken between meals to support and boost the amount of nutrition a patient consumes each day or, if a patient is unable to eat at all, can be used as a sole source of nutrition. There are also variants of medical nutrition that can be administered via a tube directly into the stomach (‘enteral’ nutrition).

Medical nutrition, when started early in a cancer patient’s journey can contribute to maintain weigh, this is important to continue cancer therapy and is related to better treatment outcomes⁸. Taking medical nutrition in line with a healthcare professional’s advice can also help to reduce incidence of complications, reduce time in hospital and support improvement of quality of life.

Please speak to your healthcare professional if oral nutritional supplements may be suitable for you.

References

1. Ryan et al. Proc Nutr Soc, 2016;75(2):199-211.

2. Bozzetti 2008 and 2001; Bosaeus 2001 Hebuterne et al, 2014 JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr;38(2):196-204

3. DeWys et al. Am J Med, 1980;69:49;1-7.

4. Prado CM et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2011; 67(1):93-101.

5. IJpma I, Timmermans ER, Renken RJ, et al. Nutr Cancer. 2017;69(1)L140-145.

6. Ross PJ et al, 2004 Br J Cancer; 90(10):1905-11

7. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Oct; 94(42): e1769. The Impact of Body Mass Index on the Surgical Outcomes of Patients With Gastric Cancer. A 10-Year, Single-Institution Cohort Study

8. Martin L et al. J Clin Oncol, 2015 :33(1):90-9.

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